Shopping is one of the most important activities for tourists. The purpose of this study is to describe and predict tourist shopping route choice behavior in Tabriz historical bazaar. A model of tourist shopping behavior is estimated to investigate differences in route choice behavior of various types of tourist shoppers. The results indicate that shopping supply and accessibility, some physical characteristics, and the history of the route followed are important factors influencing route choice behavior. Furthermore, it can be concluded that shopping motivations, familiarity with the area and planning of the route, affect tourist route choice behavior. The model allows investigating the effects of environmental characteristics on route choice behavior and assessing various future planning scenarios, such as changes in physical aspects of links in the downtown area, or changes in supply of shops.

Introduction: According to distribution requirements and the broad distance between production and consumption centres in Iran, linear infrastructure development plays an important role and should be considered as a vital necessity. Routing problems include many factors which are often incompatible with each other and incompatibility amongst parameters causes significant delays in the process of routing. Hence, it is of interest that use of the new utilities in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to optimize the routing process can resolve the difficulties faced in decision-making steps.Materials and methods: This study aims at optimizing oil pipeline routes from wells drilled to the refinery by using different scenarios and to consider is OR ness and AND ness. In the beginning preparation stage all necessary spatial data Like, Geology, land cover, slope, Dem, Fault, Main, River, stream which are required to find the optimal route for establishment of oil transmission line have been collected than Standardization and Preparation by using reducing and Increasing linear weighting function. AHP process has been hired in order to find spatial weight of each parameter’s effectiveness in terms of cost of establishment and oil line interaction with its surrounding environment. Ordered weighted average (OWA) method has been applied to integrate spatial data and achieve the result, cost layer. Dijkstra's algorithm has then been used to find the optimal route between the location of wells and refineries.Results and discussion: The results show that with increase in the value of α, the amount of cost, average slope and height of the oil transit route increase. In scenarios with 𝛂<𝟏, higher values are given to high-value pixels. While higher order weights are assigned to values with a lower numerical value in the same position. Therefore, the length of the route from the All (AND) scenario to the At least one (OR) scenario decreases.Because the Dijkstra's algorithm is a single-objective algorithm and aims at extracting the path with the leastcost. Because at every move, Choose a pixel with the lowest Accumulative cost as the direction of motion and do not pay attention to the length of the route.Conclusion: By comparing the existing route and the paths obtained from the Dijkstra's algorithm in different scenarios based on the factors of length, cost, mean slope and height of the route extracted In Almost All, Most, and Half (WLC) scenarios, are better than the other options in terms of techno-economic and environmental conditions in study area. Other scenarios have produced better results than some of the existing ones in some of the factors. Providing Various Results, With ORness and tradeoff this method has great flexibility in estimating the needs and priority of decision makers in the field of petroleum industry to design optimal transmission lines.

Landslides are among the events occurring on steep slopes and are always accompanied with financial losses and lose of life. Slopes are geotechnical structures, in which slip is expected if the slope angle is not appropriately observed; So it has always been among engineers' concerns to determine the right angle for a dip in a way that not only doesn't it cause excessive excavation, but it also brings about proper stability to the structure. In road projects, especially in mountainous areas, it is necessary to create trenches in the ruggednesses located in the route of the road in order to observe the proper slope of the road. In Lorestan province, a large number of trenches has been created alongeside communication routs due to the mountainous topograghy of the area. In this paper, an occurred slippage in a trench on 35th km in Khoramabad-Poldokhtar rout has been studied by both limit equilibrium and numerical methods. The results of the modeling indicate that the landslide has not yet completely developed. And the tensile cracks in the landslide anticipate that in the absence of an appropriate stabilization of the trenches, a catastrophic event is not uncontemplated

Multi-criteria shortest path problems (MSPP) are called as NP-Hard. For MSPPs, a unique solution for optimizing all the criteria simultaneously will rarely exist in reality. Algorithmic and approximation schemes are available to solve these problems; however, the complexity of these approaches often prohibits their implementation on real-world applications. This paper describes the development of a geospatial information system (GIS)-based genetic algorithm (GA) approach to MSPP on simple networks with multiple independent criteria. The GA approach is shown to explore the underlying network space, generate large candidate path sets, and evolve high quality approximations to the optimal MSPP solution(s) adequately.

In this study, a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to examine the relationship between money supply and inflation and to address inconsistencies in previous research. The overall effect of money supply on inflation was estimated at 0/578, providing a broad measure of its impact. However, an assessment using a funnel plot and Egger's test revealed publication bias. To correct for this bias, the "trim and fill" method was applied, reducing the adjusted overall effect to 0/475. Additionally, meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed to investigate moderating variables. The results showed that the effect of money supply on inflation differs across fixed and floating exchange rate regimes, time periods before and after 2000, and between static and dynamic models. These findings contribute to a clearer understanding of the impact of monetary and economic policies on inflation and provide a foundation for future research.

Introduction: Road traffic accidents have emerged as a pervasive global challenge, affecting not only public health and safety but also imposing significant economic, social, and environmental burdens on nations across the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies road traffic accidents as one of the leading causes of unnatural deaths, with over 1.35 million fatalities annually attributed to traffic-related incidents. Countries characterized by suboptimal infrastructure, weak regulatory frameworks, and ineffective oversight are particularly vulnerable to this public safety crisis. While substantial research has been conducted in the realm of road safety, there remains a gap in the literature concerning the comprehensive and integrative analysis of the complex interplay between the human, technical, environmental, and governance-related factors that contribute to road traffic accidents. The Tehran-Rasht corridor represents one of Iran's most vital and heavily trafficked roadways, serving as the primary link between the capital and the northern provinces. This route faces numerous challenges, including its unique geographical and climatic conditions, high traffic volumes, and the diversity of vehicles utilizing it. Additionally, human factors such as driver behavior, insufficient driver education, and inadequate traffic infrastructure—including signage and road conditions—are pivotal contributors to the incidence of accidents. This study employs a data-driven approach, utilizing advanced statistical analyses to rigorously identify the key factors underpinning accidents along this corridor. By integrating both quantitative and qualitative methods, this research aims to explore the nuanced interactions among these factors and propose actionable solutions to mitigate accidents and enhance overall road safety.Methodology: This study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative research strategies to capture a holistic understanding of the issue. In the quantitative phase, data were gathered from a sample of 250 drivers of both light and heavy vehicles, along with 150 traffic police officers operating along the Tehran-Rasht corridor. A standardized questionnaire and a five-point Likert scale were utilized to ensure consistency, reliability, and comparability of the data. The questionnaires focused on drivers' familiarity with traffic laws, driving history, and personal experiences with road accidents.In the qualitative phase, a purposeful sampling method was used to select 17 key managers and experts from the Road Maintenance and Transport Organization, as well as 5 university professors in the field of sociology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing road accidents and to collect expert recommendations for addressing these issues. This methodological approach not only enables statistical analysis but also considers the human, social, and cultural dimensions of the problem.Results: The quantitative analysis indicates that demographic variables such as gender, age, and marital status do not exhibit a statistically significant correlation with drivers' awareness of traffic laws. However, factors such as educational level and driving experience demonstrate a strong positive association with drivers’ understanding of traffic regulations. These findings underscore the critical role of education and experience in enhancing drivers' knowledge and compliance with traffic laws. Furthermore, the results highlight the significant impact of social, cultural, economic, and infrastructural factors on driver behavior. Specifically, the study found that societal attitudes toward traffic laws, the prevailing driving culture, and the state of road infrastructure—including the condition of roads, traffic signage, and weather-related factors—directly influence drivers' adherence to traffic regulations. Among the variables considered, physical infrastructure and governance-related factors, such as police presence and enforcement practices, were found to have the most substantial effect on drivers' compliance with traffic laws.Discussion: The findings underscore the continued relevance of social and cultural factors in shaping road safety outcomes. Specifically, the role of governance policies, including continuous monitoring, police visibility, and stringent enforcement of traffic regulations, is paramount. Additionally, sustained driver education and public awareness campaigns are essential components in reducing the frequency of traffic accidents. In high-traffic corridors like Tehran-Rasht, where specific geographical challenges exist, the consistent presence of law enforcement and the rigorous application of regulatory measures are pivotal in preventing accidents. One notable aspect of this study is the potential for mass media to play a pivotal role in educating the public and fostering a culture of safe driving. Media platforms, including television programs, advertisements, and public service campaigns, are invaluable tools for raising public awareness and influencing driver behavior. In particular, the use of digital media and social networks has proven effective in reaching younger drivers and new vehicle owners, offering an opportunity for tailored interventions to improve road safety.Conclusion: This study highlights the need for a comprehensive, multi-faceted strategy to reduce road accidents and improve overall transportation safety. This strategy should encompass strengthening police oversight, leveraging media resources, enhancing road infrastructure, and improving public awareness regarding the importance of adhering to traffic laws. Moreover, prioritizing improvements in traffic signage and road conditions is essential for further reducing accident rates.Future research could focus on exploring advanced models of road accident management and the complex interrelationships between various contributing factors. Additionally, incorporating international best practices and the experiences of other countries could inform the development of optimized strategies for accident reduction at the national level. Ultimately, this study provides a valuable foundation for policy development in the areas of transportation and road safety governance.

The trade route between Bokhara and Khiveh passed through a waterway, i.e. Jayhoon, and a land route. The Land route itself divided into two roads, one of them passing through the east of Jayhoon and the other passing through its west. Both routes had to cross the river in Kharazm region., where Jayhoon was divided into different branches, Therefore, the trade route generally extended between these two important land-water regions, Whereas this route played an important role in preservation of economic unity in Transoxiana and also had a role in the trade between china and eastern Europe. this essay intends to study the means of transporting goods and major items in the Medieval centuries.

Highway design includes many process and sub process from planning to real construction. Before precise engineering and road design, early stage of road location should be done. This is stage that basic criteria should be met with minimum negative environmental, social and economic impacts as well as road engineering criteria. This stage without attention to environmental, social and economic patterns of region might design a route that is ideal from engineering aspects, but might has negative impacts on this region, and so led to people dissatisfaction and sometimes stopping project. Therefore, since decision making in planning and highway construction involve many factors and stakeholders, is complex. Using multi-criteria methods and spatial analysis can reduce decision maker problems in route selection. The goal of this paper, using GIS spatial analysis and multi-criteria decision making method by considering environmental, social-economic and technical criteria in route selection. In this paper, fuzzy group AHP for weighting criteria (with comparing criteria by transportation experts and public) and VIKOR method for rating route alternatives. The results of implementation for Gilangharb-Sumar project shows that selected route using decision making methods and spatial analysis corresponds to determined route by consultant engineering company.